| Lymphocytes LYM | 20-40% | Increase - influenza, rubella, hepatitis, toxoplasmosis. Reduction - AIDS, severe infectious diseases. |
| Leukocytes WBC | 4 -9 * 109 / l | Above the norm - the presence of infection, lower - blood diseases. |
| Red blood cells RBC | 11,5-14,5% | Percentage of large and small erythrocytes. |
| Erythrocytes MCV | 80-100 fl | Average volume of erythrocyte. |
| Hemoglobin HGB | 110-170 g / l | The physiological( menstrual cycle) in women is lower than in men. |
| Hemoglobin MCH | 25-35 pg | The content of GB in the erythrocyte. |
| Hemoglobin MCHC | 25-375 g / l | Concentration of hemoglobin. |
| Color index | 0,85-1,13 g / l | Increase in hypothyroidism, lack of vitamin B12.Less norm in anemia. |
| Reticulocytes RTC | males - 0.25-1.8%; women - 0,11-2,07% | Young red blood cells. |
| Platelets MPV, PLT | Pregnant women - 150-385 * 109 / L; adults - 170-330 * 109 / l |
Increased after bleeding, surgery, with cancer. Decrease in pregnancy, blood diseases, infections. |
| ESR | for women - up to 14 mm / h; males - 9 mm / h | Increase from plasma norm - inflammatory processes. |
| Heterogeneity of platelets PDW | 10-15% | Deviation in anemia, oncological diseases, inflammatory processes. |
| Thrombockite PCT | 0.12-0.40 | Unstable indicator, depending on time of day, season, physical activity, hormonal background. |
| Stab neutrophils | 1-5% | Increase in the parameters of the rod - in angina, sepsis, abscess. Decrease - anemia, liver disease, kidney. |
| Segmented nuclear neutrophils | 40-60% | The indicator is reduced in anemia, chemical poisoning. Increased with leukemia, viral diseases, tuberculosis, thyroid disease. |
| Eosinophils | 1,0-4,9% | Below the norm with purulent infections, chronic stress. Overestimated for allergies, infectious diseases. |
| Basophils | 0,4-1,0% | Below the norm in pregnancy, stress, hyperthyroidism. Above the norm with blood diseases, gastrointestinal tract, allergies. |
| Hematocrit NCT | male - 38-49%; women - 3544% | Below the norm in anemia, before labor in women, puffiness. The norm is too high for dehydration, burns. |
| Monocytes MON absolute value | 0,0-0,09 * 109 / l | Increase - infectious diseases, tuberculosis, leukemia. Decrease is anemia. |
| Phosphatase( alkaline) | male - 275 units / l; women - 245 units / l | Excess of norm with a heart attack of the lungs, kidneys, with metastases of bone cancer. |
| Aspartate aminotransferase( ASAT) | up to 38 units / l | Excess of the norm for damage to the heart muscle, cirrhosis. |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase( GGT) | for men - 33.4 U / l; women - 48.5 units / l | Increased in diseases of the liver, pancreas. |
| Alpha-lipase | 27-100 units / l | The index for diabetes mellitus, peritonitis, renal diseases is too high. Decreased with hepatitis. |
| ALT( ALT) | male - 42 units / l; females - 30 units / l | Increased if liver function is impaired. |
| Alpha-Amylase | 25-130 units / l | Increased in pancreatitis. |
| Bilirubin | 5.0-20.0 μmol / l | Increased in hepatitis. |
| Cholesterol | 3,4-6,5 mmol / l | Increased - disease of the liver, cardiovascular system. |
| Creatinine | male - 60-116 μmol / l; women - 52-98 μmol / l | Increased in dehydration, excessive consumption of meat, hyperthyroidism. Decreased with a strict diet, vegan, liver disease. |
| Nitric acid | 2,4-8,4 mmol / l | Increase in residual nitrogen - heart failure, kidney disease, tumors. |
| Glucose( assay for c-peptide) | 3.1-5.4 mmol / L | Increase in residual nitrogen - heart failure, kidney disease, tumors. |
| Protein total | 62-87 g / l | Deviation of the norm - oncology, rheumatism. |
| Indicator | Norm | Notes |
|---|
Biochemical blood test - laboratory medical study of the chemical composition of blood. With its help, you can determine both the general condition of the body and of individual organs, objectively assess the degree of deviations and identify the causes of their occurrence. But a common man in the street is difficult to understand a lot of unfamiliar abbreviations, terms and ranges of numbers. What do they mean.
- Why assigned analysis
- Preparation for blood sampling
- Characteristics
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Amylase
- Bilirubin
- Cholesterol
- Alkaline phosphatase
- aspartate aminotransferase( AST, SGOT)
- alanine aminotransferase( ALT, AlAt)
- Creatinine
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Glucose
- Total protein
- Albumins
- Immunoenzyme analysis
- Blood test for HIV
- Assays for thyroid hormones
- TTG
- T3total
- TT4
- TG
- TPO
- Serological analysis
- Transcription assay for tumor markers CEA
- NSE
- C-reactive protein
- ACE
- PSA
- CA 15-3
- CA 125 CA 19-9
- allergens
- Assay Analysison pregnancy
Why is the analysis assigned
For all its simplicity, biochemical analysis is an accurate and reliable way to determine the cause of the ailment.
Blood is a unique tissue of the human body, it is present in absolutely all organs and other tissues. Blood acts as a conductor containing elements of nutrition and vital activity of the whole organism. Therefore, it contains in itself complete information about the general state of health.
Preparing for blood sampling
To avoid inaccuracies and the best possible result, a number of simple but necessary measures and procedures should be observed before taking blood:
- Blood sampling should be performed only on an empty stomach.
- Fatty foods and alcoholic beverages should be excluded from the diet three days before the test, and dinner and breakfast should not contain a lot of sweet, strong tea and coffee.
- One day before the procedure, it is necessary to avoid excessive force loads, going to the sauna and sauna.
- Immediately before the blood surrender, you should rest for ten minutes and calm down.
- To accurately determine the sugar content in the blood, it is necessary to completely abandon the use of tea and coffee, and in the morning before the analysis it is desirable not to brush your teeth.
- Consult your doctor about the drugs you take, many of the drugs can affect the accuracy of the tests.
- With a control test, it is advisable to follow the same measures and time as for the first blood donation for more accurate results.
Table. Norm of indicators of biochemical analysis of adult blood.
to table of contents ^Characteristics of indicators
The most important indicators of biochemical blood analysis, on the deviation of which from the norm should pay attention first.
to contents ^Sodium
Contained in extracellular fluid, is not involved in the metabolic process. The indicator is responsible for the level of acid-base balance and osmotic pressure. The general immunity of the whole organism depends on it. With increasing sodium content( hypernatremia), loss of appetite, nausea, drowsiness, malaise, convulsions and even coma may occur. With reduced( hyponatremia): thirst, trembling in the muscles, excessive irritability.
Potassium
Intracellular electrolyte, takes part in the process of metabolism and the formation of electrical impulses in the myocardium. Elevated levels of potassium( hyperkalemia) leads to arrhythmia, a drop in blood pressure, loss of sensitivity, a decrease in heart rate and diminished consciousness. At a lowered content( hypokalemia), symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, lethargy in the muscles, heart weakness, incontinence of urine and feces occur.
to contents ^Amylase
The general name for the enzyme is fissile for alpha-amylase( diastase) and pancreatic amylase. It is allocated by salivary glands and pancreas. Takes part in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates. A high level of amylase in the blood can indicate diabetes mellitus, mumps, pancreatitis, cyst and pancreatic cancer, a violation of liver function, also occurs with excessive drinking. A low level can lead to myocardial infarction, pancreatic necrosis and toxicosis in pregnant women.
to contents ^Bilirubin
Formed in the bone marrow, spleen and liver due to the breakdown of hemoglobin. Elevated levels of bilirubin may indicate inflammation of the biliary tract, cholelithiasis, or a pancreatic tumor. Lowering of the level usually occurs with hepatitis diseases of the liver and hemolytic anemia.
Cholesterol
Isolates the total cholesterol, as well as low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol takes part in the formation of sex hormones, bile, and the construction of a cell membrane. The increase in cholesterol in the blood signals about possible diabetes, hepatitis, thyroid dysfunction, atherosclerosis. Low content may indicate a variety of liver and thyroid disorders, poor nutrition and metabolic disorders.
to contents ^Alkaline phosphatase
Provides the transport function of phosphoric acid in cells. The forms are divided into hepatic and bone. Undesirable is the increase in the content of this enzyme in the blood. This occurs with myeloma, fractures, metastasis in the bone, osteogenic sarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis, liver damage, cytomegalovirus infection.
to contents ^Aspartate aminotransferase( AST, ASAT)
Provides for the transport of alaninic acid to the cells of the heart muscle, liver, kidneys, nervous system and skeletal musculature. AST can increase due to excessive loads, burns, overheating, skeletal muscle injuries. Also, the content of AST in the blood increases due to liver and heart disease.
Is a synonym for AST, it transports aspartate acid. The fall in ALT content below the blood concentration in the AST is a direct indication of the destruction of cells in the muscle of the myocardium.
to contents ^Creatinine
Is a product of protein metabolism. It is synthesized in muscles and brain. The content of creatine in the blood of men and women varies significantly. Elevated levels of creatine may indicate malfunctioning of the kidneys and thyroid gland. There is also an increase in creatinine as a result of taking medications, muscle injuries and athletes.
Urea
Formed during the breakdown of proteins. Predominantly the level of urea jumps when the kidney function is impaired, some types of poisoning. Reduction of urea in the blood is due to malnutrition, excessive loads, kidney and liver diseases.
to contents ^Uric acid
Occurs in the decay of nucleic acids, after which it no longer participates in the metabolic processes. It is excreted from the body by the kidneys. A rise in the blood of uric acid can signal liver and kidney disease, malnutrition, poisoning, gout, skin disorders and alcohol abuse.
to contents ^Glucose
The index of sugar and carbohydrate metabolism in the blood. Along with oxygen acts as the main energy product for the nutrition of cells. Excess glucose( hyperglycemia) can be caused by diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, impaired function, kidney, liver and pancreas. Reduction of blood sugar( hypoglycemia) occurs with prolonged starvation, metabolic disorders, a number of infectious diseases.
to contents ^Total protein
Total protein content in the blood. Proteins act as catalysts for many processes in the body, act out the role of carriers of many substances, take part in the construction of cells and enhance general immunity. Increased protein content( hyperproteinemia) directly indicates the ongoing inflammatory processes in the body. Hypoproteinemia( a decrease in protein) can lead to liver and kidney disease.as well as cancer.
to contents ^Albumins
The main protein contained in the blood plasma is synthesized by liver cells. A high level of albumin( hyperalbuminemia) is a consequence of dehydration of the body, occurs when significant burns are received. A low level is observed in smokers, pregnant and lactating. Also, albumin and heart diseases, oncological diseases, and drug overdoses lead to a decrease in albumin.
to the table of contents ^Immunoenzyme analysis of
It is carried out for the detection of sexual infections and diseases, hepatitis, pneumonia, Helicobacter piloris( provoking GI disease), and also for the detection of some allergic reactions. The accuracy of detection of the disease during the ELISA is 90%.
to contents ^Blood test for HIV
The final analysis of the immunodeficiency test is carried out after a period of three months after the time of infection. Repeated in six months. A test( confirming) infection with HIV analysis is F50 analysis.
to the table of contents ^Analyzes for thyroid hormones
There are several indicators of this analysis. The most significant of them:
to the table of contents ^TTG
Thyrotropic hormone. Hormone produced by the pituitary gland of the brain. It determines the functioning of the thyroid gland.
to contents ^T3 common
Triiodothyronine. It is performed to confirm hyperthyroidism( excessive thyroid function).
to table of contents ^TT4
Total thyroxin. By the results of the analysis, you can determine the level of metabolism.
to table of contents ^TG
Thyroglobulin. Determines the amount of protein in the thyroid gland.
to the table of contents ^AT-TPO
An assay for determining the level of antibodies to the antibody to thyreperoxidase.
Serological analysis of
With the help of this analysis it is possible to establish the presence of certain antibodies in the blood and to reveal such diseases as: measles, chlamydia, HIV, measles, herpes, hepatitis.
to the table of contents ^Analysis of the analysis for oncomarkers
The analysis is conducted to determine the presence of cancer in the body. There are a number of indicators of this analysis:
to the table of contents ^REA
The increased concentration of this cancer marker can be determined lung, urinary duct, stomach and intestinal cancer.
to table of contents ^NSE
Increase in the rate indicates the development of skin or lung cancer.
to contents ^C-reactive protein
A common indicator that increases with a cancerous tumor in the body.
to table of contents ^ACE
Increases when liver cancer cells are affected.
to contents ^PSA
Increases in prostate cancer.
to table of contents ^CA 15-3
The norm of this cancer marker increases with lesion of the mammary gland.
to table of contents ^CA-125
Indicates that ovarian cancer cells
are defeated by the cells ^CA 19-9
Increases in pancreatic cancer.
to contents ^Analysis for allergens
Assay for determining the concentration of IgE immunoglobulin in the blood. By its increased content, it is easy to determine the course of an allergic reaction in the body.
to table of contents ^Pregnancy test
Analysis with absolute accuracy determines even an ectopic pregnancy, focusing on the presence of a hormone HCG in the blood. By its concentration, you can also determine the duration of pregnancy.