Dental instruments: surgical, endodontic, dental hygiene, therapeutic and others

Dental manipulations and treatment of any profile (therapy, surgery, orthodontics) are carried out using specialized tools - probes, trowels, spatulas, forceps, etc.

Each of them has certain characteristics and meets the necessary requirements. In the Russian Federation, there are certain standards for each type of dental instrument.

Dental instrument classification

All dental instruments by accessories and purpose are divided into several subgroups:

1. Intended for the initial examination of the patient and carrying out the simplest diagnostic procedures. This includes the tray, probe, dental mirror and tweezers. They are used by dentists of any specialization (therapists, surgeons) and must be presented in the dental office and clinic.
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2. For the treatment of teeth and surrounding tissues. This group includes instruments used in a therapeutic appointment - rotary drills, trowels, spatulas, endodontic files. The presence of this group in any dental outpatient clinic is also necessary.
3. For operations and surgical procedures - forceps, elevators, scalpels, raspatory. Used in clinics licensed for surgical treatment.
4. Denture group instrumentation - crown extractors, impression trays, orthopedic spatulas.
5. Intended for hygienic improvement of the oral cavity - curettes, scalers.
6. Highly specialized group - includes orthodontic forceps, arcs, locks, periodontal curettes.
7. Rotary (rotating) drills - presented burs and cuttersused to remove dentin, enamel and bone tissue.

Compliance with the rules of GOST

To determine the quality of the produced product, from 10 to 20 copies are selected in production and sent to the expert department. Its employees evaluate the decisive parameters (size, diameter, strength), identify the presence of possible defects. If it meets the requirements of GOST, the product is recognized as suitable for use and is supplied to the market. If significant deviations or deficiencies are found, the sale of such an instrument is prohibited.

Basic requirements for a dental instrument

Regardless of the accessory and purpose, all types of dental instruments must meet general requirements:

1. Manufactured from stainless material.
2. Should be comfortable to use.
3. Easily disinfected and sterilized for reuse.
4. The material from which they are made must not be toxic to the doctor or patient.
5. Be strong, durable, should not deform or break.

General purpose tools

Used at the initial stage of any reception. They have several important functions:

• examination of the patient's oral cavity;
• help to identify complaints during the initial examination;
• are used to perform universal manipulations.

A general-purpose toolkit helps to diagnose and determine further treatment tactics:

Name, cost in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Dental tray, price from 70-100 (plastic); 250-350 (metal).	It looks like a kidney-shaped container made of stainless metal or plastic. Storage of instruments, convenient delivery to the doctor. All other instruments are stored in the tray.	disposable (disposed of after admission); reusable (multiple sterilization available).
Probe, price 400-600	The handle is in the form of a rod, the working part is curved and pointed. Examination of carious cavities, periodontal pockets, determination of tooth pain. The working part carefully examines the pathologically altered tissues.	normal; periodontal (the sharp end is smoothed).
Mirror, price 500-700	The working part has a mirror with a diameter of 2 cm. Examination of poorly visible areas of the oral cavity, abduction and retention of the cheek during dental procedures. It is inserted into the oral cavity, the area of ​​interest to the doctor is displayed in the working part.	ordinary; enlarging the image. collapsible; monolithic.
Tweezers, price 500-700	The working part is bent at an angle. Introduction of cotton wool, gauze into the oral cavity, extraction of small fragments of teeth during extraction. Usually used in the right hand, the working part grips and holds the desired object.	big; small.

Therapeutic

Therapeutic instruments in dentistry are used to treat caries and its complications (pulpitis, periodontitis) for the following purposes:

• removal of pathologically altered dental tissues;
• the formation of a cavity in the tooth;
• introduction filling material, modeling;
• root canal treatment, preparation for obturation.

Name, cost in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Excavator, price 400-500	It has 2 working parts with spoons with a diameter of 0.5 to 2.0 mm. Removal of necrotic dentin and enamel from the carious focus. The softened tissues in the cavity are carefully collected by the working part and removed to the outside.	big; small.
Ironers, price 400-550	The working part is in the form of a paddle of various sizes and shapes. Capturing the filling material, introducing it into the cavity and modeling the filling. They are used in the treatment of caries of various stages.	large; small. sickle; reverse.
Stopper, price 500-650	Has a ball at the end. Sealing cement, composite in the tooth cavity. The first portion of the filling is tamped tightly with a corkscrew.	2 mm; 3mm; 5 mm.
Spatula, price 400-600	Rod with two blades at both ends. Mixing of cement. The liquid part and the powder are combined and thoroughly triturated with a spatula.	disposable (plastic); reusable (metal).
Endo tools, price of a set of 6 pcs. – 150-250	Needles of various lengths and diameters with a serrated working part. Mechanical processing of the tooth canal. The endoinstrument is inserted into the root canal, reciprocating movements are performed, removing the chips of infected dentin.	in length - 21, 25 and 31 mm; by diameter - calibration from 06 to 80; by the nature of the working part - H, K files, proteapers, profiles, MTU.

Aesthetic

This group of tools includes trowels with attachments of various shapes (cylindrical, cone-shaped, reverse-conical), allowing them to be changed during operation. A large selection of tips allows you to model a filling for any tooth and any location.

The set consists of a trowel-handle (cost 2000-3000 rubles and disposable or reusable attachments (10 pcs. - 500-800 rubles).

Surgical instrument

Surgical dental instruments are used for surgical treatment - removal of teeth, allow for autopsy and drainage oral abscesses, lip frenum plasty and language. Used for the following manipulations:

• mucosal incision;
• separation of soft tissues from the jaw;
• extraction of the tooth root from the hole;
• joining damaged tissues and suturing.

Name, cost in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Tongs, price 2000-3000	They have 2 handles, a lock and cheeks of various shapes and sizes. Used to remove teeth and roots. The cheeks clasp the crown of the tooth, gently extract it with a small amount of force	By form: straight; curved. By destination: for incisors; fangs; premolars; molars; roots of teeth (bayonets). Distinguish between child and adult forceps.
Elevators, price 1500-2000	They resemble a screwdriver, the working part of which has a flattened shape. The principle of operation is the same as for forceps. They are introduced into the periodontal gap and gently swing the tooth or root, helping the doctor to push it out.	straight; corner; to myself; Push; lecluse; bayonet.
Scalpel: 500-700 - scalpel handle; 350-400 - disposable blades (set of 100)	They are shaped like a small knife. Performing a soft tissue incision. Mechanical cutting of the mucous membrane.	disposable; reusable. whole; separate (handles with blades).
Raspatory, price 1500-2000	A spoon with a flat surface. Detachment of the gums from the root of the tooth, bone tissue. With the use of force, the mucous membrane is separated from the underlying tissues.	They differ in size.
Curettage spoons, price 500-700	They have 2 concave surfaces. Carrying out hole curettage (removal of pathological tissue, formation of a blood clot). Granulations are carefully scraped out of the tooth socket.	straight (for the anterior group of teeth); curved (for premolars and molars)
Needle holders, price 1000-1200	Clamps in various sizes. Used for suturing, stopping bleeding. Hold the needle, pinch the bleeding vessel	Big, small.
Scissors, price 800-1000	Small pointed scissors are used in dentistry. Tissue separation, suturing. For cutting off the suture thread when suturing.	straight, curved; big, small.

Periodontal instruments

Periodontal dental instruments are used to treat gingivitis, periodontitis, holding patchwork operations and curettage.

Purpose of application:

• removal of soft and hard dental plaque;
• removal of pathological granulations from periodontal pockets;
• smoothing the walls of the tooth (crown and root);
• performing plastic surgery in the mouth to improve the condition of soft tissues.

Instrument names, price in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Probe, price 800-1000	The sharp end has a small ball (for non-invasiveness), graduations of 2 mm are applied. Measuring the depth of the pathological periodontal pocket. It is placed neatly in the gingival sulcus, the depth is marked on the divisions.	Along the length of the working part: 1 cm and 1.5 cm
Scaler, price 1500-1700	The working part is curved in the shape of a circle. Removal of soft and hard dental plaque from the crown. Work in the supragingival part - plaque is gently scraped off the surface of the crown.	By diameter: 8 and 10 mm
Curettes, from 500	Sharpened working part. Removal of subgingival calculus and granulations. Subgingival work: tartar carefully removed from the root.	By form: straight; curved. By destination: for incisors; canines; premolars; molars.

Orthopedic

This group includes the tools used dentist-orthopedist at the manufacturing stage dentures.

Purpose of application:

• taking an impression from the dentition;
• kneading impression materials, cements;
• removal of old crowns.

Instrument name, price in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Impression trays, 70-100	Repeat the shape of the upper or lower jaw. For taking impressions from dentoalveolar rows. A ready-made impression mass is placed in a spoon and introduced into the oral cavity.	By size: No. 1,2 and 3 By appointment: for the upper or lower jaw. By material: metal; plastic
Spatula, 75-100	Plate used for making impressions, fixing crowns. For mixing impression material, cements. Mixing mass, cements. Putting them into the impression tray.	metal; plastic.
Crown removers, 4000-7000	They consist of a handle with a lever and curved attachments. Removal of crowns from teeth. The tip clings to the edge of the crown. Pressing the lever removes the old prosthesis from the dental stump.	In the form of tongs, elevators or spring.

Dental instrument

These tools are used dental technician in the manufacture of a prosthesis at the laboratory stage and allow you to:

• modeling of a wax analogue;
• measurement of the thickness of the resulting structure, its compliance with the required standard;
• processing and preparation of a plaster model of the jaw.

Name, price in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Modeling spatula, 500-700	Has a handle, on one side there is a trowel, on the other - a plate. Giving the wax-up of the denture to the desired shape. The work surface is heated and pressed against the wax.	They differ in the shape of the trowel.
Micrometer, 900-1000	A device for measuring the thickness of a metal crown. Control of the strength of the prosthesis. The cheeks grip the metal part, its parameters are displayed on the other end of the device.	Standard.
Plaster knife, 150-250	Has a rounded blade, sharpened on one side. Cutting plaster models. Excess plaster is cut off.	Standard.

Implantology

Applicable for implantation of an implant in the jaw and bone grafting. They also allow you to carry out:

• atraumatic removal of dental fragments with maximum preservation of the walls of the hole;
• procedures for lifting the mucous membrane covering the floor of the maxillary sinus.

Name, price in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Periotome, 1800-2000	Thin blade handle. Detachment of the circular ligament of the gums. Gently detaches the connecting fibers from each other.	Different in blade shape
Sinus lift spoon, 2000-2500	Flattened spoon handle. Detachment of the maxillary sinus membrane. Careful separation of the membrane from the bone of the upper jaw.	Vary in size

Orthodontic instruments in dentistry

Used to work with ligature wire, braces, rubber rings. Allow to produce:

• biting off part of the orthodontic thread to the required size;
• donning elastic rings on the dentoalveolar apparatus.

Name, price in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Nippers, 4000-5000	They have sharp cheeks. Activation of the bracket system. Adjusting the ligature length.	straight; distal.
Tongs, 4000-5000	They have denticulate cheeks. Activation orthodontic appliances. Cutting the wire, pulling rubber loops on the hooks.	coracoid; Weingart; Nance; Tweed.
Positioner, 2200-2500	Recessed plate for braces. Helps to install correctly orthodontic lock relative to the dental crown. For the correct positioning of the brace system.	Standard

Rotary Dental Instrument

Rotary instruments are represented by dental drills used in therapy, surgery and orthopedics. Used for the following purposes:

• caries treatment, pulpitis, periodontitis;
• modeling the surface of the finished filling;
• grinding and polishing dentures;
• use in surgery for working with bone tissue.

Name, price in rubles	Purpose and use	Views
Bora, 150-500	Used in drills. Carious cavity preparation. Operation to remove molars. Removal of softened dentin, bone.	carbide; steel; diamond.
Cutters, 200-300	Carbide, with notches on the head. Correction of prostheses. Removing excess plastic or metal.	Vary in shape and size.

Dental instruments differ in functionality, operating conditions, cost. A modern clinic must be equipped in accordance with the procedures it provides to its patients.