Dental implants: pros and cons (instantaneous, basal implantation), description, types

The most effective method for restoring the dentition is implantation. Modern implants make it possible to restore all the functions of the teeth, including the root. There are several types and implantation technologies, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

General pros and cons of implantation

The essence of the implantation is that the jaw bone is implanted pin made of titanium, which acts as a root of the tooth. After a while, the pin is attached crown (temporary or constant). As a result, the implant is difficult to distinguish from a real tooth, both in appearance and in its functionality.

The implantation procedure has several advantages. Among the most important advantages of implants are the following:

1. Long service life: a quality implant lasts an average of 10 to 15 years.
2. Injury to the teeth located next to the implanted ones is excluded.
3. The condition of the bone tissue does not atrophy and does not deteriorate.
4. When chewing, the load on the jaw is evenly distributed.
5. The dentition defect is corrected.
6. It is possible to install any number of implants.
7. There are several techniques for performing the implantation procedure and implant designs.
8. A high percentage of pins implanted into the bone tissue.
9. A short-term adaptation period, after which the patient does not feel discomfort, the presence of a foreign body in the oral cavity.

In addition to the positive aspects of the dental implantation process, there are also some disadvantages of the procedure. The main disadvantage is the presence of a fairly extensive list of contraindications. There are local and general ones among them. If the local ones are subject to correction as a result of medical therapy, then the general ones cannot be corrected. In this case, patients are offered a different option for restoring the dentition.

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of implants

There are several types of designs, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. A description of the different types of implants will help you understand their pros and cons.

Root-shaped

Their distinctive feature is the similarity of the configuration with the roots of real teeth. For their manufacture, both titanium and its alloys can be used. They have a high survival rate. Their installation does not take much time and is not traumatic for the patient.

Root implants have high strength and are also securely attached to the bone tissue. Experts note the ability of this type of product to withstand high loads.

The disadvantage of this type of structures is that a certain volume, height and width of bone tissue are required for their installation. In the absence of such indicators, the patient is assigned a bone augmentation surgery.

Plate

Installation of plate implants is possible in cases where the volume of bone tissue is insufficient for the installation of tapered type products. They are presented in the form of a plate, the thickness of which does not exceed 2 mm. Their design has a hole located in the central part of the pin, and abutments (processes), which serve as the basis for attaching the abutment crowns.

The presence of a wide area of ​​implants ensures the strength and stability of their attachment. Installation of this type of structures does not exceed 25 thousand. rubles. They are made individually for each patient. When chewing, the load on the tissue is distributed evenly without injuring it.

If the plate designs are worn for a long time, it is possible that that they will rub the soft tissues of the gums, which will cause discomfort in a person, especially during admission food. The first time after installation, the quality of diction changes slightly in many patients.

Basal

The peculiarity of basal implants is that a prosthesis can be attached to the patient within 3–6 days after their installation. Chewing functions are restored immediately after basal implantation. They can be attached both to the jaw bone and to the cheekbone bone. This ensures the reliability of fixing the structure.

An impressive disadvantage of basal devices is that 5–6 years after their installation, most patients experience structural atrophy, which leads to implant rejection. This disadvantage has an impact on their low popularity among patients.

Endodontic

They are mainly used for the restoration of anterior teeth with one root. This type of construction is located not only inside the tissue, but also in the middle of the denture.

The implant ensures the stability of the crown. The pin is screwed through the root of the tooth, which ensures the reliability of its fixation. The rehabilitation period is quick and easy.

Subperiosteal

Experts consider the installation of this type of implant to be the most difficult and traumatic for patients. This is due to the fact that subperiosteal products are attached between the bone and the periosteum. The process requires simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the periosteum and ensuring the strength of the implant attachment. The design has a complex shape, where the processes protrude into the oral cavity.

A short period of use of this type of structures and a low indicator of their physiology are noted. 4–6 years after installation, many patients experience a process that manifests itself in the eruption of the implant frame through the periosteum directly into the oral cavity. As a result of this, its rejection occurs and there is a need for re-implantation.

Intramucosal

Their attachment is carried out in the middle of the mucous membrane of the upper or lower jaw. The main purpose is to fix acrylic removable dentures. There are no particular contraindications for installation. The term of use is no more than 5 years.

Mini implants

Presented as short titanium pins.

Their installation takes place using a minimally invasive method and does not exceed 1 hour.

They are installed through the gum, which ensures minimal trauma. The functionality of the oral cavity is restored after 24 hours.

The term of use of this type of product does not exceed 3-4 years.

Features of various materials

Different materials can be used for the manufacture of implants. The most common among them are:

1. Metal. As a rule, these are titanium and titanium alloys. It has properties that contribute to the fact that the body does not perceive it as a foreign body. This ensures a high biological compatibility of titanium structures. Implants made from this material have a high strength index and do not lead to a toxic reaction. It is worth noting the high cost of products made from this material, as well as the laboriousness of the process of their manufacture.
2. Ceramics. The color is close to the real tooth. Implants made of ceramics have the ability to quickly take root and do not lose their color and properties for a long time. Despite the hypoallergenic nature of the material, some patients may experience an allergic reaction after installing ceramic products. Experts note the complexity of the process, as well as the preliminary need to remove dental nerve.
3. Plastic. They are distinguished by an affordable price and a short production time. They do not have a characteristic metallic sheen and are similar in color to natural teeth. However, plastic products are not durable. When installing them, the possibility of irritation of the gingival mucosa, as well as the occurrence of an allergic reaction, is not excluded. Some time after installation, food debris accumulates under the crown, which leads to the development of pathogenic microflora.

Implants made from different materials have their pros and cons. When choosing structures from a particular material, you must first consult with a specialist.

Understanding the advantages of implantation technologies

The continuous development of dental practice has led to the existence of several technologies for the implantation procedure. Among them, I would like to highlight the most popular techniques, which also have their pluses and minuses.

One-time

Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the engraftment of the dental structure is carried out directly into the jaw bone. The post acts as the root of the tooth.

The technology ensures the reliability of fixation due to the presence of the required volume of bone tissue. Another advantage of one-time implantation is that the implantation of the structure is performed immediately after the tooth is pulled out.

However, there are a number of mandatory indications, the presence of which makes it possible to carry out the operation in a one-step method. One of the main indicators is the healthy state of the jaw bone tissue.

Basal

The implant is implanted into the basal ball of the bone. This is due to the fact that this layer is durable and dense. Resorption is not characteristic of him.

The advantage of the technique is the possibility of attaching the crown immediately after the installation of the implant. This method is mainly used when it is necessary to implant several dental structures at a time.

This technology does not guarantee a long service life of the product, which is considered one of its most significant disadvantages.

Intraosseous

The implant consists of the following elements: the root part, the neck located above the mucous membrane of the plug, the abutment.

The manufacturing cost is low, it does not take much time. This allows it to be carried out in the absence of anterior teeth.

But with a small height of the alveolar process, the patient is preliminarily assigned to perform osteoplastic surgery, the essence of which is to increase the volume of bone tissue. This brings additional discomfort to the patient.