Dental turbine, endodontic and micromotors pneumatic, electric

Dental handpieces and micromotors are the main components dental drill. The tips make it possible to install and fix nozzles in them: bora, cutters, discs, abrasive heads, drills, knives.

The task of the micromotors is to create rotational actions and transfer them to the handpiece of the drill. With their help, the patient's hard dental tissue is processed, restorative or reconstruction works.

Tip classification

The following types of handpieces are used in dentistry:

1. Mechanical (straight and angular). The principle of rotation is due to a pneumatic or electric micromotor. Low speed from 5000 to 40000 rpm in min.
2. Special endodontic. Rotation due to rotation of nickel-titanium reamers. Rotation speed from 100-10,000 rpm.
3. Turbine (straight and angle). Rotation due to the pressure of compressed air in the micromotor. Rotation speed from 100-10,000 rpm.

Mechanical

Mechanical handpieces are:

1. Corner handpieces are considered a universal type. Designed to work in hard-to-reach areas of the patient's mouth. The tool is resistant to lateral loads and does not generate vibration waves. Has markings:
   • standard - boron power 1,000 - 40,000 rpm;
   • raising - boron capacity 5,000 - 230,000 rpm;
   • downward - boron power from 2,000 to 10,000 rpm.
2. Direct handpieces are used in surgical and orthopedic work. Such a tool can withstand higher pressure loads than a contra-angle handpiece without generating vibrations. Applied in prosthetics, while creating implants and orthopedic models. For this type, a standard micromotor attachment (ISO 9001) is used.

By cooling systems, they are divided into the following groups:

1. No cooling. It is rarely used. Preventing overheating of dental tissues, a low rotation speed of the mechanism is observed.
2. External cooling. It is used in dentistry during surgical interventions.
3. Internally cooled. It is used in tandem with air and electric micromotors and has a cooling principle.

Used in endodontics

Special endodontic tips are used when working in root canals, helping to expand and cleanse them. They are divided into types according to operating modes:

1. Rotation at minimum speed (300 rpm). Low speed is achieved by a certain micromotor, which reduces the speed of rotation of the handpiece. The function contributes to a neat enlargement and deepening of the canal.
2. Translational movements. Creates the necessary shape of the dental canal for subsequent fillings.
3. Vibration dissection. It is performed in two types: sound (part / number. 1500-6500 Hz) and ultrasonic (part / number. 30,000 Hz). Used for large and wide channels. With the help of vibration waves, progressive-return advances are achieved in the range of 0.0004-0.0016 mm. The procedure for treating the canal using vibration and a gas-generating solution allows you to deeply clean the cavity in the tooth root. Giving the root the desired shape, it is necessary to re-process it each time.

Application of turbine handpieces

Turbines are used by dentists for therapeutic purposes and vary in speed:

• high travel speed of 150,000 - 500,000 rpm;
• low mechanical speed, when you press the device, this leads to a decrease in the power of the boron and its braking, with strong effort this leads to the failure of the rotor mechanism of the engine.

Working with a turbine handpiece requires skill and skill in the strength of the impact on the bur. Pressing too hard or too little will result in unsatisfactory results.

The cooling function of the turbine handpiece is of immense benefit due to the tremendous burr speed. Handpieces of this type have an internal water-air cooling principle. The quality depends on the manufacturer and the price of the device.

The connection with the drill is threaded or according to the latch principle.

There are three standard head sizes:

• standard — therapeutic;
• big popular in orthopedic direction, has high power and durable bearing system;
• small used in the treatment of children's teeth, the head is not designed for strong pressure and has a miniature appearance.

Turbine bearings are available in ceramic or metal. The price of ceramic is higher than metal.

Advanced models are equipped with a lighting element, most often a diode.

Varieties of dental micromotors

In modern dentistry, two types of micromotors are used: pneumonic and electric.

Pneumatic drive application

Uses compressed air for work.

Cons: does not function at low rotation speeds (below 4000-25000 rpm), has a high noise level. Dust sensitive and requires extra care.

Pros: easy to set up, set up and operate, can work continuously, reliable, can be sterilized.

Using an electric drive

The electric micromotor has increased power in comparison with the pneumatic one, the possible speed of movement is 40,000 rpm.

The collector micromotors are not durable. Built-in brushes wear out quickly at maximum speed.

Brushless do not overheat, have a long service life, do not require additional warranty service. Their price is several times higher compared to collector drives.

Made of steel and titanium. Steel is cheaper than titanium, less durable and prone to corrosion. There are models with a built-in micro-fan.

Manufacturers

In Russia, you can purchase handpieces and micromotors from the following manufacturers (cost in rubles and depends on a specific model and configuration):

• SOHO, China. 5500-45000;
• NSK, Japan. 7500-59000;
• W&H, Austria. 8500-32000;
• Sirona Dental Systems, Germany. 9500-73000;
• KaVo, Germany. 12800-115000;
• Bien-Air, Switzerland. 26300-135000.

Processing and care features

The handpiece body must be cleaned after each use, it is done with a soft, slightly damp cloth with a disinfectant solution. Sterilization of instruments in an autoclave is required. To avoid dust sticking inside the handpiece, the product must be cleaned and lubricated before the procedure.

Micro-drive grease is suitable for aerosol recommended by the specific manufacturer. Devices operating at high speeds are not recommended to be lubricated with thick pastes / oils, in order to avoid braking mechanisms. The micromotors must be lubricated every day. For large volumes of work and increased loads, it is recommended to lubricate 2-3 times per working day.

The collet lock is lubricated once a week. Oil drips are not permissible, if they form, you need to treat the instrument with a disinfectant solution and eliminate the leak, or replace the instrument.

Solvent-based special cleaning sprays are suitable for already lubricated internal parts.

The tool should be stored in separate, closed and clean containers. Avoid sudden changes in temperature, moisture and dust on the product.