Dental formula of an adult and children: diagram, decoding

Human teeth are the only organs that cannot be restored; their condition plays an important role in the digestive process.

Bad habits accelerate the process of destruction and become a reason for frequent visits to a specialist.

Coming to an appointment, the patient often cannot understand what the doctor is talking about, since in dentistry, formulas are widely used to name each type of teeth.

Types of teeth

The human dental system belongs to the heterodontic type. In accordance with the norm, there are 32 teeth, but their number can be equal to 28. Each has its own purpose. Dental formulas help to categorize root processes into groups based on their shape, location, purpose.

This numbering greatly facilitates the work of specialists. For permanent and milk teeth created various conditional expressions (formulas), slightly similar in the systematics of construction.

It is not so difficult to understand the dentist, it is enough to understand the dental formula and memorize its scheme.

Rows of dental crowns are arches located on the upper and lower jaw, consisting of:

• 4 incisors (2 side, 2 central);
• 2 fangs;
• 4 premolars;
• 6 molars (maybe 4).

If we talk about molars, their number can be equal to four, which corresponds to the norm. Molar wisdom teeth are considered a defect and removed. As dentists say, this is a relic of the past. In ancient people, they were indispensable for grinding tough food, the shape of the jaw allowed them to erupt without problems.

Teeth Anatomy Videos:

Up to three or four years old, babies have a number of teeth limited to twenty. Their eruption starts from about six months.

The functions performed are identical to the permanent ones, while the teeth differ in characteristic features:

• they are much smaller in size, have a delicate, bluish tint;
• dentin is not so strongly developed, and the pulp is noticeably enlarged;
• the content of mineral compounds in the enamel is much lower.

For example, 14 - 4 = 10 - a year and two months a child will have 10 teeth. Such a system has a significant drawback - a limited period of use, after the child reaches the age of two, it no longer fits.

Arcs in children have ten teeth:

• 4 incisors - 2 lateral, 2 central;
• 2 canines;
• 4 premolars.

Varieties of dental formulas

When diagnosing diseases and carrying out treatment in dentistry, special numbering and designations of the root processes are used to simplify the work of a specialist.

In such formulas, teeth can be denoted by numbers, symbols, or letters.

The following systems are practiced:

• universal ordinal, its other name is American alphanumeric;
• Sigmondy-Palmer;
• Viola;
• Haderup.

All of them are relevant, have their own differences and are successfully practiced by specialists.

Universal (American alphanumeric)

The formula is understandable for any average person; one does not need to deeply understand medicine to decipher it.

The marking is made in capital letters, their number on the upper and lower arcs is displayed next to them.

The numbers are located below and above, respectively:

1. I - incisors, in total 8 pieces;
2. C - canines, 4 pieces;
3. P - premolars, 8 pieces;
4. M - large indigenous.

Children's formula is depicted according to the above designations.

It will not be difficult to read it. An adult has two pairs of incisors and premolars, one pair of canines, and three pairs of molars. As a result, there are sixteen teeth on each jaw.

For a child, the calculation is identical. The only difference is the absence of three pairs of molars, and it turns out ten on one arch.

Sigmondy-Palmer Formula

It was created back in 1876, but today it is widely used in dental practice. It is quite easy to read, its second name is square digital. Bone formations are marked with a sequence of numbers from one to eight.

There are 32 teeth; for simplicity, the scheme draws two conditional lines vertically and horizontally.

Each number represents four root processes parallel to each other on opposite sides of the axis:

• 1- central incisors;
• 2 - lateral incisors;
• 3 - canines;
• 4 and 5 - first, second premolars, respectively;
• 6, 7, 8 - first, second, third molars, respectively.

To distinguish the location of the crowns, symbols are used - corners.

For dairy, Roman numerals are taken. The principle remains the same, the only difference is the absence of molars.

Viola system

It has been in practice since 71 of the last century, recommended by WHO for practice in specialized educational institutions.

Each process is marked with two numbers. The first is the square of the location of the teeth, there are only four of them. Counting starts from left to right and right to left, starting from the upper arc.

It stands for it like this:

• Top left - 1, right - 2;
• Lower right part - 3; left - 4.

The second digit is the serial number of the tooth, it is counted from one to eight. For example, if 4 molars hurts in the upper right jaw, its number corresponds to 24. The similar tooth on the left is numbered 14.

The formula practiced for children is the same, but the values ​​of the quadrants originate from five.

Using this scheme, it is important to know the basic principles. replacing milk teeth with permanent:

1. From the age of 6, the child's upper and lower incisors, located in the center, change - numbers 51.61 and 81.71 to numbers 11.21 and 41.31.
2. Closer to 9 years of age, the lateral incisors change - 52, 62 and 82.72 to 12.22 and 42.32.
3. By the age of 10, canines grow on the lower arch.
4. At the age of 11, the top fours are replaced.
5. Up to 12 years old, the replacement of the upper canines, pentads, lower quadruples, premolars appear.
6. The age of 12-13 years is noted as adolescence, by this time the milk molars completely fall out, permanent molars grow in their place.

Haderup's formula

Developed on the basis of the Sigmondy-Palmer system, the difference lies in the designation of the upper arc with the symbol "+" and the symbol "-" for the lower one, respectively. Next, the number of the appendage is indicated from one to eight.

The location of the signs "+" and "-" may vary, depending on the side of the teeth (left or right, respectively). The designations for children are slightly different, zero is written in front of the serial number.

The presented systems have their own differences, advantages and disadvantages. For example, a universal formula is inconvenient for determining the left and right sides, this often leads to errors in the treatment process.

A similar problem can arise when using the Handerup system. The Sigmondy-Palmer formula is practiced orthodontists and surgeons, for operations of the maxillofacial part of various difficulties. In routine diagnostics and treatment, there is a high chance of errors occurring.

The Viola system is the best option. It is indispensable in the diagnosis of various diseases and their treatment.