The role, techniques and stages of filling in modern dentistry

Sealing is the process of restoring the shape and functions of a broken tooth. Usually, destruction occurs due to caries, but sometimes a part of the tooth is broken off for other reasons - for example, due to impact or fall.

Filling helps to prevent tooth decay and isolate sensitive cavity tissues from germs and bacteria, which provoke the development of caries.

Varieties of filling materials

By the time of use, temporary and permanent seals are distinguished:

1. Temporary put in the process of treatment, for example, when the doctor is not sure if the dental nerve is caries or not. In such
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   cases, the tooth decayed tooth is sealed with a seal for a while to check if the pain will bother the patient. If there is no pain, leave the nerve, and put a permanent seal on the tooth. Also, a temporary filling is closed with medicines that are stored for several days, or arsenic, if the nerve is still removed. A temporary seal lasts up to two weeks. As soon as it fulfills its function, it is changed to a permanent one.
2. Permanent serve for years. They are made of different materials.

About used materials

Today in dentistry the following types of seals are used:

1. Cemented fillings are the cheapest. They are poorly polished, stand out against the background of natural enamel and can destroy teeth, which are in contact with the bite. They are rarely used, mainly in pediatric dentistry.
2. The metal( almagem) is made of an alloy of silver and copper. They are strong, but, like cement fillings, they are very noticeable. Usually they put them on chewing teeth. Among the deficiencies noted high toxicity.
3. Composite is made from a mixture of various components, including finely divided glass and artificial resin. Such seals were previously considered fragile, so they were placed only on the front teeth. However, over time, the material was improved. Composite filling is superimposed by layers. Each layer must be exposed to light for 30-40 seconds. This material can be easily adjusted to the natural color of the enamel, therefore for the restoration of the front teeth, doctors usually choose them.
4. Tabs are ceramic fillings. In appearance and composition they are very close to tooth enamel. Making the tab takes up to a week, so the installation of the seal on the tooth occurs in several stages. The ceramic seal is resistant to temperature changes and does not stain the tooth. Among its advantages - aesthetics. These fillings are usually adjusted to the color of the tooth and are almost invisible.

How does the installation work?

The procedure for tooth filling regardless of the material used starts the same way:

1. First, the dentist injects with an anesthetic injection with .
2. When the anesthetic begins to function, the doctor proceeds to cleansing the tooth cavity of the .His task is to remove the remains of dead tissue, to completely clean the tooth from the darkened enamel and dentin. At this stage, a cavity is necessary for depth and shape.
3. The then checks the pulp condition of the .If it is not damaged, the cavity is disinfected with an antiseptic solution. But if the pulp has already begun to become inflamed, the dentist begins the process of removing it from the cavity of the tooth, and then the root canals are sealed.
4. When the tooth cavity is completely cleared and there is no inflammatory process, the dentist begins to dry it .Then, special antimicrobial and insulating pads are placed under the main filling material.
5. Only after this, the dentist can proceed with filling .When the seal is installed, the final stage of treatment is polishing and grinding.

Cement use

Cement seals are made of glass ionomer, phosphate and silicate cements. One of the characteristics of cement is solidification under the influence of a chemical reaction during mixing with a liquid.

Because of this, the dentist does not have much time to install the fillings and to form the surface relief is quite difficult.

Another feature of the cement seal is the long time of its final solidification. Therefore, after treatment it is not recommended to eat for two hours.

Depending on the type of cement used, it is necessary to take into account:

1. Seals from phosphate cement are the cheapest. They are poorly fixed, quickly erased and are characterized by poor marginal snuggling. The latter means that under such a seal the remains of food often fall, because of which there is a secondary caries.
2. Glass-in-place cement fillings are much more suitable to the tooth tissues, which significantly reduces the risk of secondary caries. Such a seal is established with the help of an ultraviolet lamp. That is, the doctor slowly forms the tooth, while the filling is still soft, and then "hardens" with ultraviolet light, completing the work.
3. Seals from silicate cement release free phosphoric acid, which does not work well on live pulp. Therefore, it is recommended to put them on the gasket. Among the advantages of these seals is the ability to choose a color and a good edge fit.

Glass-inimensional cement seal

Installation and features of the metal seal

Among the advantages of metal seals, it is worth highlighting the hardness and resistance to corrosion. These fillings are sufficiently plastic and resistant to moisture.

Extension is another drawback of metal seals. Because of it, often a splitting of the tooth wall adjacent to the filling occurs. Of course, today the risk of splitting is minimized, but still there.

The color of such a seal does not match the color of the enamel. Therefore, most often metal fillings are placed under the crowns.

Install hard enough. It hardens for a long time - two or three hours. The next day after installation, this seal requires polishing. However, it can serve for decades.

Composites - a breakthrough in the field of dentistry

With composite sealing, the tooth cavity is treated with an adhesive. This substance helps to paste the seal in the tooth cavity.

After this, the dentist puts the seal in layers, flashing each for 20-40 seconds. When all the layers are installed, the seal is grinded in the shape of the tooth and polished.

After the composite seal has been installed, the patient may experience an increase in tooth sensitivity. Also, these fillings can darken if the patient often drinks tea or coffee. However, if you cover the seal with a transparent film, you can avoid color changes.

Installing the tooth tab

By color, light reflection and strength, ceramics are more like tooth enamel than other materials. Attached to the tooth tab almost completely restores its original strength.

Unlike other types of seals, the inserts are manufactured in the laboratory, and not in the patient's mouth.

Most often, ceramic fillings are placed when the tooth is badly damaged, but still alive. The tab allows you to save it, that is, avoid depulping and installing the crown.

The installation of a ceramic seal takes place in several stages. First, the dentist completely cleans the tooth from dead tissues and removes the impression to make a tab. Then the tab is made in the laboratory. After that, the fitting takes place.

If all is well, the dentist sits the tab on the special glue, and then undermines bumps and polishes.

Features of filling channels

If in the process of getting rid of the dead tissues of the tooth cavity, it turns out that the pulp is damaged by caries, the dentist removes it and seals the canals. Qualitatively sealed channels - a pledge that the tooth will be preserved.

Sealing of the canals begins immediately after removal of the pulp.

In order to fill the channels successfully, the dentist needs to know the shape and placement of the roots of the tooth, which may require an X-ray.

Normally, the root canals are very narrow, because the dentist expands them, passing the instrument along the entire length - from the root to the top - and processes the medication.

Then the gutta-percha canals are sealed. At this stage, special hardening paste( silo) and gutta-percha pins( first basic, then additional ones) are introduced into the channels. Additional pins have a smaller diameter.

After the pins are tamped and the channel is completely filled, the tips of the pins are cut with a special incandescent tool.

In the photo, root canal filling using the single pin

On the video gutta-percha three-dimensional filling of teeth:

A few words about the pain

Adult people are often afraid of dentists. This is a fear that has been preserved since Soviet times. But today medicine has made a huge leap forward. The variety of anesthetics used in modern dentistry is enormous. Even the allergy now does not interfere with comfortable treatment.

Most often, during the filling process, the patient who has been anesthetized does not experience any pain. An exception is a severe inflammation. In this case, it is recommended to increase the dose of anesthetic.

After the tooth has been cured, the patient may experience a slight sensitivity, which usually occurs after a day or two.

Possible complications of

Following the insertion of the seal, the following complications are possible:

1. Pain under seal is considered normal within 24 hours after installation. If it lasts longer, then the carious cavity has been treated poorly and re-treatment is required.
2. The same also means loss of seal.

Filling today remains the most popular way of caries treatment. The variety of materials allows the patient to choose the optimal variant, and anesthetics - to make the treatment simple and painless.

However, it is important to understand that caries is a disease. And like any disease, it requires treatment. The earlier caries are found, the easier and cheaper it is to get rid of.