- Anisakid is a parasite measuring up to 6 centimeters, settling in the gastrointestinal tract. Anisakidosis is manifested by inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane, allergic reactions, fever, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting( often with an admixture of blood).The appearance of granulome infiltrates can lead to intestinal obstruction, peritonitis.
- Ankylostoma is a common but rarely diagnosed parasite, a pale pink color, up to 15 millimeters in size, fed by blood from the vessels of the intestinal mucosa. His activity leads to the development of iron deficiency anemia and a change in the ratio of blood protein fractions.
- Bull Chain is one of the longest worms of its class. Getting into the human body in the form of a small( up to 5 millimeters) Finns, can grow up to 10 or more meters in length. Is able to separate the mature body parts, filled with eggs. The presence of such segments in the feces, a sensation of crawling and itching in the anus are frequent symptoms of teniarinchiasis. There is also abdominal pain, irritability, digestive tract disorders.
- Cat fluke ( hepatic fluke) is a worm, up to 25 millimeters long, penetrating the gallbladder and bile ducts. The disease is caused by opisthorchiasis, characterized by acute pain in the abdomen, high fever, nausea, diarrhea, muscle soreness and skin rashes. In the chronic course of the disease manifest symptoms of hepatitis, cholecystitis, digestive disorders, increased nervousness, weakness. Even after the expulsion of the parasite, chronic inflammatory processes and functional disorders do not pass.
- Paragonimus ( pulmonary flukes) is an ovoid parasite whose body is about 1 centimeter in length and covered with red spines. It affects the respiratory system, causing paragonimosis, causing a fever, coughing, shortness of breath, heaviness in the chest, wheezing and noise in the lungs, bradycardia, calcification of organs, vision problems.
- Pork tapeworm( tapeworm) - similar to bullish chain in appearance and life cycle. If there is an adult in the human body, a disease of shadows occurs, manifestations of which are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, weakness, dizziness. Larval parasite bubbles( Finns) are called cysticerci, they can also affect the brain, lungs, heart, stomach, muscle tissue, skin and eyes, disrupting the work of these organs.
- Toksokara is a yellowish worm up to 18 centimeters long, distributed throughout the body. The bearer of it are cats and dogs. For eye toxocariosis, visual impairment is characteristic, for skin - allergic rashes, edema, eczema. Infection with a large number of individuals( visceral toxocariasis) is manifested by fever, pulmonary syndrome, deterioration of the gastrointestinal tract, inflammation of the lymph nodes. Migrating larvae to the brain causes neurological problems.
- Trichinella is a small round helminth up to 5 millimeters in length. Getting into the intestine of a person, it drills its wall, after which the larvae carry blood through all organs, settling in the muscles. Most often the muscles of the face( including the eyes) and limbs, as well as the respiratory ones, are affected. Trichinosis provokes body temperature up to 40 ° C, itchy skin rashes, face swelling, muscle pain, and can lead to death.
- Intestinal ulcer - a small worm of the family of the round, widespread in the tropics and subtropics, provokes strongyloidiasis. Getting into the intestines, the parasite causes a liquid watery stool, abdominal pain, a skin rash. Spreading through the body, the larvae can affect other organs, leading to gastrointestinal, neurologic, cardiac disorders, often with a fatal outcome.
- Fasciola hepatic ( 2-3 cm long) and giant fluke ( up to 8 centimeters) cause disease of fascioliasis, manifested by fever, cough, skin rash, enlargement and pain of the liver, turning into hepatitis. At the same time, the metabolism is disrupted, the organism becomes intoxicated, the blood composition changes.
- Filament( filament) is a tropical parasite up to 10 centimeters long, settles in the lymph nodes, genitals, under the skin and in the eyeballs, causing filariasis( or elephantiasis).Deterioration of the lymph current leads to an increase in any part of the body, pneumonia, abscesses.
- Schistosoma is a helminth in the form of a thinnest needle up to 26 millimeters long, parasitic in the vessels of the intestine and urogenital organs. Especially dangerous is the accumulation of eggs of the parasite - they are provided with spines and damage tissues, causing infections and ulcers. Schistosomiasis is manifested by a decrease in appetite, problems with the intestines and in the genitourinary sphere, an increase in the liver and spleen. When helminths get into the nervous system, consciousness, paralysis, and brain damage are possible.
- Echinococcus is a small parasite of the genus Cestoda that settles in the liver and lungs in the form of a cystic bladder( Finns), often mistaken for a tumor during examination. As the growth increases, the helminth destroys nearby tissues, squeezes the vessels. A rupture of Finns can lead to toxic shock or the formation of new multiple cysts. An aggressive variety is alveococcus, causing helminthiasis, similar in severity to cirrhosis or liver cancer and requiring surgical intervention.
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To date, medicine has known more than 280 species of helminths - worms that can live in the human body, feeding and multiplying in its organs and tissues. By not giving out their presence, parasites suck in useful substances from the carrier's body, worsening their state of health and causing a number of diseases, and in some cases leading to death.
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- Species
- Species
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Folk remedies
- Prophylaxis
Species
At the site of localization in the human body, helminthsin common parlance - worms) are:
- intestinal( luminal) - live and reproduce in the small or large intestine;
- extraintestinal( tissue) - move in the blood vessels, enter the bile ducts, colonize the liver, lungs, brain.
The life cycle of parasites assumes the following classification:
- geogland - the obligatory stage of maturation of their eggs is stay in the soil;
- biogelminthes - the full development of individuals involves the replacement of two or more intermediate hosts( for example, animals belonging to individual species);
- contagious - do not require special developmental conditions and do not need additional hosts, their mature larvae are secreted into the external environment by the human body.
Round( nematodes)
Get their name for the rounded shape of the body in cross section, the front and back end are pointed at the same time. Helminths can be distributed practically throughout the human body, their length ranges from 1 millimeter to 1 meter. The most famous representatives of nematodes are pinworm, ascaris, vlasoglav, toxocara, trichinella, hookworm, rishta, anisakid, and filaria.
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Among the parasites with a flattened body, two classes are distinguished:
- Cestodes( tapeworms) - live in the intestines of humans and animals, absorbing nutrients on the surface of the body. Representatives of the species( lentets and chains) have a ribbon-like body in a transparent shell, divided into segments, with suckers on the head, as well as hooks and suction slots for attachment to the walls of the organs. Parasites can reach 20 meters in length.
- Trematodes( flukes) - possessing a wide flat body oval or leaf-shaped, capable of growing up to 76 millimeters in length. Fixing to the walls of the organ or vessel, the helminths consume the most nutritious gastric components, epithelial and mucous cells, the contents of the bile duct and intestine, the liquid blood component. By the nature of localization, the most common are intestinal, hepatic, pulmonary and blood flukes.
- To flatworms include bovine tapeworm, pork tapeworm, wide ribbon, echinococcus, cat's fluke, schistosome, fluke.
Ringed( annelids) and prickly-headed( acanthocephala)
Representatives of these types parasitize animals and insects( mice, rats, pigs, fish, crustaceans, cockroaches, May beetles) and do not pose a threat to humans.
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The most dangerous
The defeat of human worms is called helminthiasis.
The greatest harm to the body is caused by the following varieties:
The most common worms that people get infected most often are:
- Ascarids - large worms up to 45 centimeters long red-yellow. Ascaridosis infected every fourth person on the planet, the disease is characterized by increased salivation( often - at night), nausea, anorexia. At the same time, several hundred individuals can be found in the human body, able to break through the post-operative sutures of the intestine, enter the bile ducts and liver, causing mechanical jaundice or an abscess, and also into the pancreas, provoking pancreatitis. The spread of helminths to other organs entails hemorrhage and inflammatory processes.
- Whitwort( whip) - a helminth of white color, up to 55 millimeters in size, lives in the human colon, feeding on tissue fluid and blood. Disease of trichocephalosis entails a liquid or bloody stool, nausea, anemia. The products of the vital activity of the parasite cause intoxication of the organism, can provoke an inflammation of the appendix.
- Pinworms - small( up to 12 millimeters) thin helminths of white color, mostly found in children. Parasitizing the intestines, the disease is caused by enterobiasis, manifested by perianal itching( especially during sleep), pains in the navel, dysbiosis, nervous exhaustion.
- The wide ribbon - settles in the human small intestine and is one of the largest parasites, over 10 meters long. It causes diphyllobothriosis, among the symptoms of which fever, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, irregular stools, weight loss with increased appetite, smooth "polished" tongue. A large accumulation of worms can provoke intestinal obstruction, and the absorption of vitamin B12 by parasites leads to the development of anemia.
Paths of penetration of
There are many ways of infecting the human body with worms. They are grouped in several groups:
- Fecal-oral transmission mechanism - used by ascarids, whipworms, pinworms and most geogelminthes( toxocara, hookworm), as well as some biohelminths( echinococcus, fasciola).Eggs of parasites are secreted from the intestine of an animal or human, develop in an external environment, then enter the body of a new host through the mouth with contaminated water or food.
- Man's eating of intermediate hosts of parasites - such an infection is inherent in biogelmints. The lack of proper heat treatment of meat and fish contributes to the conservation of larval vitality. Beef and pork can contain bull and pork chains, in meat of wild and domestic animals - echinococcus and trichinella. Widespread ribbon and cat litter develop in freshwater fish, anisakid - in the marine, paragonimus - in freshwater mollusks and crustaceans.
- Penetration through the skin and mucous membranes is characteristic of schistosomes( when swimming in a pond), enteric acne( when walking on the ground barefoot), hookworm( when working with soil).
- Transmission transmission( via insect bite) - this way the filarias spread.
Symptoms of
Signs of helminthiosis are quite extensive, each parasitic infection is characterized by individual symptoms. Common to all are the following manifestations:
- fever;
- common skin rash;
- enlargement of the size of the lymph nodes, often with a change in their shape;
- simultaneous increase in spleen and liver;
- muscle pains, often accompanied by swelling and weakness;
- tenderness of joints without pronounced lesion.
Also common symptoms of infection with worms are:
- disruption of the gastrointestinal tract( usually caused by the presence of intestinal parasites) - chronic constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, bloating and abdominal pain, itching in the anus, weight loss, anemia, intestinal obstruction;
- problems with the nervous system - intoxication by the products of vital activity of helminths is manifested by headache and dizziness with nausea, the lack of useful substances causes constant drowsiness and fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbance, inability to concentrate;
- allergic and skin reactions - except for local manifestations in the form of itching and hives, fragility of hair and nails, the occurrence of allergic rhinitis, dry cough, bronchial asthma;
- decrease in immunity - causes exacerbation of chronic diseases, the emergence of inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx( sinusitis, sinusitis, stomatitis) and the genital organs of women( bacterial vaginosis, secretions with fish smell, inflammation of the appendages).
Diagnosis of
To confirm or disprove the presence of parasites in the body:
- analysis of feces and scrapings from the folds of the skin around the anus - are performed with the naked eye and under a microscope, help to identify the most common intestinal helminthiases( enterobiasis, ascariasis)infection;
- immunological studies - the study of serum for the presence of specific antibodies to certain types of parasites, helps to identify schistosomotosis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, ascariasis and other diseases;
- biopsy - study of a muscle tissue sample, effective in trichinosis;
- analysis of duodenal contents and bile - is performed with suspicion of worms of the gallbladder, liver, duodenum( strongyloidiasis, opisthorchiasis);
- electropuncture diagnostics - computer study of the resistance of the body to electric current in biologically active points for the detection of pathologies in various organs and their detailing;
- instrumental diagnostic methods( ultrasound, radiography, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, computed tomography) - to study the state of human internal organs and determine the level of harm from parasites.
Treatment of
- Medication therapy - is aimed at reducing allergic sensitivity to parasites and eliminating symptoms of intoxication. Antihistamines and specific anthelmintic drugs( including chemotherapeutic drugs) are prescribed, in severe cases - glucocorticosteroids.
- Surgical intervention - is used in especially severe cases( fires echinococcosis, filariasis).
- Adherence to a sparing diet is the use of easily digestible food with low fat content.
- The reception of probiotics, which contribute to the recovery of intestinal microflora.
- Because of the ease of transmission of some helminthiases( for example, enterobiosis), treatment is applied to all members of the family or team, strict adherence to hygiene is prescribed to avoid re-infection.
- Antiparasitic drugs are toxic and can cause severe adverse reactions, their use is performed exclusively under the supervision of a physician.
More details about the preparations that destroy parasites in the human body, in the article http://woman-l.ru/antiparazitarnye-preparaty-dlya-detej-i-vzroslyx/to the table of contents ^Folk remedies
Some methods of exile of helminths, offered by folk medicine, are considered quite effective, but require compulsory medical advice:
- Use of burning products with antiseptic properties - garlic, onion, hot pepper, horseradish, mustard, ginger.
- Pumpkin seeds - 1 glass of purified raw materials a day saturates the body with phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper. To facilitate the removal of parasites it is recommended to combine with laxatives or enema.
- Herbal collections - tansy, wormwood, cloves, celandine, peppermint. It is possible to eat on an empty stomach on 1 teaspoon of a dry mix, washing down with water, or to use plants in the form of broths.
- Castor oil - causes loosening of the stool and excretion of worms along with feces.
Prevention of
Avoiding infection with worms will help following simple rules:
- observance of personal hygiene - it is necessary to wash hands thoroughly with soap after walking, visiting the toilet, contacting animals;
- for working with the land, when cleaning rubbish during subbotniks should wear gloves;
- it is important to conduct regular wet cleaning at home - the larvae of parasites can be kept in house dust;
- , before consuming fresh vegetables and fruits, they should be poured with boiling water or use special washing solutions containing soda, salt, vinegar, citric acid, bergamot oil;
- water and milk can be consumed only after boiling, in no case can not drink from natural sources, swallow water when swimming in water bodies;
- meat and fish must be heat treated, after washing them, you need to thoroughly wash the kitchen accessories, preferably refuse steaks with blood, raw minced meat and fish( salted herring, some Japanese dishes);
- when in nature, especially when visiting tropical countries, insect repellents should be used;
- veterinary inspection of pets should be carried out regularly;
- people at risk( employees of children's institutions, veterinary clinics, zoos) should periodically be examined for the presence of helminthic invasions.
Helminths can cause irreversible processes in the human body. If symptoms of infection with parasites appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.